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Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existColumn count doesn't match value count at row 1Duplicate column name 'user_algo'Duplicate column name 'user_admin_algo'Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existUnknown column 'settings_name' in 'where clause'Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist Sensacja techniczna sprzed 40000 lat Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist
Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist
Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist
Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

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Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist
Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

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Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist
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Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

» Ciekawostki hist » Sensacja techniczna sprzed 40000 lat
Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

Sensacja techniczna sprzed 40000 lat

Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist
?mierciono?na maszyna

W?a?ciwie nie ma si? czym chwali?. Pierwsza w
dziejach maszyna wynaleziona przez, cz?owieka,
przeznaczona by?a do usprawnienia zabijania, do
powi?kszenia zasi?gu i si?y ra?enia dzid miotanych
przedtem r?cznie. Nieznany wynalazca ?uku musia? by?
cz?owiekiem niezwykle pomys?owym i bystrym
obserwatorem. Wymy?lone przez niego urz?dzenie
stanowi bowiem pierwszy w dziejach przyk?ad celowego
magazynowania energii.
Fakt, ?e pierwsza wynaleziona przez cz?owieka maszyna
s?u?y?a do zabijania, nie by? przypadkowy, ale te?
nie wynika? bynajmniej z krwio?erczego instynktu
tkwi?cego w ludzkiej naturze. Po prostu w paleolicie,
czyli starszej epoce kamiennej (zwanej te? epok?
kamienia ?upanego), podstawowym zaj?ciem cz?owieka
by?o polowanie. Ludzie koczowali w?wczas w
niewielkich, kilkudziesi?cioosobowych grupach po
odwiecznej puszczy ?ywi?c si? g??wnie tym, co
upolowali. Zbieractwo — wyszukiwanie jadalnych owoc?w
le?nych i korzonk?w — by?o tylko koniecznym (mo?na by
rzec witaminowym) uzupe?nieniem zasadniczego w?wczas
pokarmu — mi?sa. Ten zestaw menu zmusza? pradawnych
?owc?w do bezustannego przemierzania puszczy w pogoni
za zwierzyn?. Prymitywna bro? — maczuga, drewniany
oszczep czy kamie? — kt?rej u?ycie wymaga?o znacznej
sprawno?ci fizycznej — by?a niezbyt skuteczna, gdy
trzeba by?o razi? ruchliwe i szybkie cele.
Nadrabiaj?c braki swej natury pomys?owo?ci?, cz?owiek
urz?dza? zasadzki i nagonki, kopal do?y-pu?apki, a z
czasem (kilkadziesi?t tysi?cy lat temu) oswoi? sobie
i wytresowa? nieocenionego towarzysza ?ow?w — psa.
Niemniej, a? do momentu wynalezienia ?uku, koczuj?ce
gromady my?liwych ?y?y stale na pograniczu g?odu.
Mi?so jest produktem ?atwo psuj?cym si? i nie mo?na
go zbyt d?ugo przechowywa?. Tote? kilka kolejnych
nieudanych polowa? nieuchronnie oznacza?o g??d.
Cz?owiek ?wczesny po?wi?ca? wi?c ca?y sw?j czas
zdobywaniu po?ywienia. Je?li uwa?amy za s?uszne
przys?owie, g?osz?ce, i? „potrzeba jest matk?
wynalazk?w", nie powinni?my si? dziwi?, ?e pierwsza
maszyna mia?a takie w?a?nie przeznaczenie.

Images: strzeladokozicy.jpg




























Mezolityczne malowid?o naskalne zachowane w jednej z grot w Hiszpanii: ?ucznik
strzela do g?rskiej kozicy

?uk spowodowa? prawdziwy przewr?t w sposobie ?ycia
cz?owieka. Dzi?ki niemu stale dot?d zagro?ony byt
naszych pradawnych przodk?w zosta? zabezpieczony. ?uk
skr?ci? te? znacznie czas po?wi?cany na zdobywanie
po?ywienia. My?liwi z epoki kamiennej przyzwyczajeni
do sta?ej aktywno?ci, a dysponuj?cy teraz wolnym
czasem — mogli zaj?? si? rozwijaniem innych,
przer??nych umiej?tno?ci. W?a?nie dzi?ki znajomo?ci
?uku nast?puje w?wczas co? w rodzaju pierwszej
„rewolucji technicznej". Pojawia si? niezwykle bogaty
i zr??nicowany zestaw najprzer??niejszych, coraz
doskonalszych narz?dzi z drewna, kamienia, ko?ci i
rogu — r??nego rodzaju no?e, szyd?a, rylce, pi?y,
wiert?a itp.
Images: zbiorowepolowanie.jpg




















malowid?o odkryte w Hiszpa?skich grotach: scena zbiorowego polowania na
stado jeleni

Powstaj? tak?e pierwsze narz?dzia
skonstruowane z dw?ch r??nych materia??w, kt?rych
najpowszechniejszym przyk?adem by? drewniany oszczep
zbrojony krzemiennym grotem. Lukowi te? zawdzi?czamy
zapewne pierwszy pot??ny rozkwit prawdziwej sztuki —
m.in. zacz?to w?wczas stosowa? barwniki naturalne do
zdobienia cia?a oraz malowide? naskalnych, kt?re do
dzi? urzer kaj? nas swym prawdziwym artyzmem.
Nie wiemy, kiedy dok?adnie cz?owiek zacz?? pos?ugiwa?
si? ?ukiem — zazwyczaj wynalazek ten umieszcza si? w
okresie odleg?ym o 70 000—40 000 lat przed nasz? er?.
Przypuszcza si? te?, ?e pojawi? si? on niezale?nie w
rozmaitych punktach naszego globu. Zachowa?y si?
?lady wskazuj?ce na znajomo?? i stosowanie ?uku na
obszarze Europy i Afryki ok. 35 000 r. p.n.e.
?uk na d?ugie stulecia sta? si? podstawow? broni?.
U?ywa?y go wszystkie armie staro?ytno?ci i
?redniowiecza. Zachowa?o si? wiele legend i poda? o
ludziach, kt?rzy osi?gali we w?adaniu nim prawdziwe
mistrzostwo. Ojciec Aleksandra Wielkiego, Filip
Macedo?ski, straci? prawe oko oblegaj?c bogate
greckie miasto Meton?. Wybi? mu je pono? ?wietny
?ucznik Asteros strza?? — na kt?rej napisa?: „W prawe
oko kr?la Filipa".
Na tej samej zasadzie, co ?uk, oparte by?y niekt?re
ze staro?ytnych machin miotaj?cych pociski —
stosowane od IV w. p.n.e. na terenie staro?ytnej
Grecji. Z ?uku wywodzi si? r?wnie? kusza, znana ju? w
staro?ytno?ci, g??wnie na Dalekim Wschodzie. W
Europie rozpowszechni?a si? ona w ?redniowieczu.
Urz?dzenia te, dzi?ki stosowaniu stalowych ?uk?w oraz
napinaniu ci?ciwy za pomoc? ko?owrotu lub korby,
mia?y znacznie spot?gowan? si?? wyrzutu pocisku, a
przez to r?wnie? wi?kszy zasi?g. W 1130 r. sob?r
laterane?ski zabroni! nawet pod gro?b? kl?twy
ko?cielnej u?ywania kuszy przeciw chrze?cijanom,
okre?laj?c j? jako „...niemal szata?skie narz?dzie
mordu, kt?re zabija cz?owieka tak szybko, ?e nawet
nie czuje on trafienia..." Zakazu tego zreszt? nie
respektowano.
Wprowadzenie kuszy nie zmniejszy?o jednak wcale roli
?uku.
Images: bitwapodcrecy.jpg




























Epizod z bitwy pod Crecy (ilustracja ze starej kroniki francuskiej): z prawej ?ucznicy angielscy, z lewej kusznicy genue?scy

Na przyk?ad w bitwie pod Crecy (1346 r.)
angielscy ?ucznicy rozgromili oddzia? kusznik?w
genue?skich wspomagaj?cych armi? francusk?. Przyczyn?
tego by?o, ?e kusza, cho? mia?a wi?kszy zasi?g i
zapewnia?a wi?ksz? precyzj? trafienia, by?a znacznie
mniej szybkostrzelna od ?uku. Wprawni w strzelaniu
Anglicy, kt?rych sportem narodowym by?o w?wczas
?ucznictwo, potrafili wyrzuca? ze swych d?ugich ?uk?w
24 strza?y na minut?. Z czasem jednak rozw?j broni
palnej (zapocz?tkowany w XVI w.) wypar? ?uk z
uzbrojenia armii europejskich. Schy?ek jego kariery
przypada na XVII w., kiedy stosowa?y go jeszcze
niekt?re oddzia?y specjalne — np. lekka jazda
tatarska. Pami?tamy z „Trylogii" niezr?wnanego
?ucznika tamtej epoki — pana Muszalskiego.
Luk przetrwa? do naszych czas?w jako sprz?t sportowy.
W ?ucznictwie nasi zawodnicy, a zw?aszcza zawodniczki
odnosz? powa?ne sukcesy mi?dzynarodowe.

Mgr in?. Boles?aw Or?owski

?r?d?o m?ody technik 11/71
Images: favicon.gif.ico

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Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

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Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't exist

Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existUnknown column 'settings_name' in 'where clause'Table 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_errors' doesn't existTable 'db702206.fusion_email_verify' doesn't existUnknown column 'user_actiontime' in 'where clause'Unknown column 'user_actiontime' in 'where clause'Unknown column 'settings_name' in 'where clause'