słupa. Prawdopodobnie, któryś z następnych nowatorów postanowił zapełnić przestrzenie pomiędzy stopniami. Nie wiadomo zresztą również, czy zmiany kształtu królewskich grobowców nie były związane ze zwycięstwem jakiegoś kultu religijnego nad innym wcześniejszym. Takim ogniwem pośrednim wydaje się piramida w Medum, należąca zapewne do jednego z następców Dżesera, faraona Huni &#8212; początkowo była ona ośmiostopniową piramidą schodkową, a ostateczna jej postać miała kształt ostrosłupa wysokości 92 m o kwadratowej podstawie 144x144 m. Panowanie następnej, IV dynastii, to okres budowy największych i najwspanialszych piramid, z których najsłynniejsze wzniesiono w Giza opodal dzisiejszego Kairu. Wszystkie te ogromne budowle wykonane zostały niezwykle prostymi środkami.Zarówno wyłamywanie i obróbka kamiennych bloków, jak ich transport, zwłaszcza pionowy, stanowiły wówczas niezwykle żmudne zadania. Kamienne elementy wciągano, aby umieścić je na odpowiednim miejscu w konstrukcji, po rampach ziemnych, które pod koniec budowy pokrywały niemal całą piramidę. Wiemy o tym na podstawie badań nie dokończonych przez starożytnych Egipcjan obiektów tego rodzaju. Budowniczowie piramid nie mieli jeszcze do dyspozycji żurawi ani innych &#8222;machin" do podnoszenia kamieni, wbrew temu, co przypuszczali niektórzy dużo późniejsi autorzy klasyczni, np. grecki historyk z V w. p.n.e. &#8212; Herodot. Niełatwe problemy inżynierskie związane z budową piramid (które nawet jeszcze dziś sprawiałyby sporo kłopotu) zostały rozwiązane przez ich twórców przede wszystkim dzięki znakomitej organizacji pracy i zaopatrzenia.<br /><br />Mgr inż. Bolesław Orłowski<br /><br />Źródło młody technik 7/1971<br /> dodał Kama <br />
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