kultu religijnego nad innym wcześniejszym. Takim ogniwem pośrednim wydaje się piramida w Medum, należąca zapewne do jednego z następców Dżesera, faraona Huni &#8212; początkowo była ona ośmiostopniową piramidą schodkową, a ostateczna jej postać miała kształt ostrosłupa wysokości 92 m o kwadratowej podstawie 144x144 m. Panowanie następnej, IV dynastii, to okres budowy największych i najwspanialszych piramid, z których najsłynniejsze wzniesiono w Giza opodal dzisiejszego Kairu. Wszystkie te ogromne budowle wykonane zostały niezwykle prostymi środkami.Zarówno wyłamywanie i obróbka kamiennych bloków, jak ich transport, zwłaszcza pionowy, stanowiły wówczas niezwykle żmudne zadania. Kamienne elementy wciągano, aby umieścić je na odpowiednim miejscu w konstrukcji, po rampach ziemnych, które pod koniec budowy pokrywały niemal całą piramidę. Wiemy o tym na podstawie badań nie dokończonych przez starożytnych Egipcjan obiektów tego rodzaju. Budowniczowie piramid nie mieli jeszcze do dyspozycji żurawi ani innych &#8222;machin" do podnoszenia kamieni, wbrew temu, co przypuszczali niektórzy dużo późniejsi autorzy klasyczni, np. grecki historyk z V w. p.n.e. &#8212; Herodot. Niełatwe problemy inżynierskie związane z budową piramid (które nawet jeszcze dziś sprawiałyby sporo kłopotu) zostały rozwiązane przez ich twórców przede wszystkim dzięki znakomitej organizacji pracy i zaopatrzenia.<br /><br />Mgr inż. Bolesław Orłowski<br /><br />Źródło młody technik 7/1971<br /> dodał Kama <br />
<div style="text-align: right;"><img src="http://fuhkama.ugu.pl/images/favicon.gif.ico" border="0" alt="Images: favicon.gif.ico" title="Images: favicon.gif.ico" width="16" height="16" /><br /></div>
<hr />
<br /><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='right' class='news-footer'>
<!--article_poster--><img src='themes/Lykun/images/bullet.gif' alt='' style='border:0' /> Napisane przez <span >kama</span>
dnia marzec 23 2011 &middot;
<!--article_opts--><a href='articles.php?article_id=23#comments'>32016 komentarze</a> &middot;
9256665 czytań &middot;
<a href='print.php?type=A&amp;item_id=23'><img src='images/printer.png' alt='Drukuj' style='vertical-align:middle;border:0;' /></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!--sub_article-->









<a id='comments' name='comments'></a><table width='100%' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='1' class='border'>
<tr>
<td class='capmain'>Komentarze</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='main-body'>
<div class='comments floatfix'>
<div style='text-align:center;margin-bottom:5px;'><div class='pagenav'>
Strona  25 z&nbsp;3202: <a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=0'>1</a>...<a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=210'>22</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=220'>23</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=230'>24</a><span><strong>25</strong></span><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=250'>26</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=260'>27</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=270'>28</a>...<a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=32010'>3202</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c316' id='c316' name='c316'>#241</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>GoloaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 24 2017 13:02:12</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
cialis disfuncion erecti <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://canadianfdcialis.com/' target='_blank' title='http://canadianfdcialis.com/'>cialis</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://canadianfdcialis.com/&quot;&gt;buy cialis online&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    generic cialis 20 mg cipla</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c317' id='c317' name='c317'>#242</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>GoloaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 24 2017 14:53:47</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
$38 cialis trial <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://canadianfdcialis.com/' target='_blank' title='http://canadianfdcialis.com/'>buy cialis online</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://canadianfdcialis.com/&quot;&gt;buy cialis&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    cialis fast!people group</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c318' id='c318' name='c318'>#243</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>GoloaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 24 2017 17:00:55</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
cialis 100mg cheap price <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://canadianfdcialis.com/' target='_blank' title='http://canadianfdcialis.com/'>buy cialis online</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://canadianfdcialis.com/&quot;&gt;generic cialis&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    cialis fast!people group</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c319' id='c319' name='c319'>#244</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>GoloaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 24 2017 17:45:04</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
price per pill of cialis <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://canadianfdcialis.com/' target='_blank' title='http://canadianfdcialis.com/'>cialis canada</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://canadianfdcialis.com/&quot;&gt;cialis online&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    look there canadian cialis</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c320' id='c320' name='c320'>#245</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>GoloaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 24 2017 19:13:39</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
come comprare cialis in india <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://canadianfdcialis.com/' target='_blank' title='http://canadianfdcialis.com/'>cialis canada</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://canadianfdcialis.com/&quot;&gt;cialis&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    cialis us pharmacy</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c321' id='c321' name='c321'>#246</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>AlenaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 24 2017 22:51:09</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
offerta cialis online. <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://buycialiskj.com/' target='_blank' title='http://buycialiskj.com/'>buy cialis</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://buycialiskj.com/&quot;&gt;cialis&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    only best offers cialis pill</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c322' id='c322' name='c322'>#247</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>AlenaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 25 2017 01:02:07</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
buy generic cialis approved <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://buycialiskj.com/' target='_blank' title='http://buycialiskj.com/'>buy cialis online</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://buycialiskj.com/&quot;&gt;generic cialis online&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    escompte inde de cialis</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c323' id='c323' name='c323'>#248</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>VomirTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 25 2017 11:27:24</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
viagra en ligne moins cher <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://viagrabuygenzx.com/' target='_blank' title='http://viagrabuygenzx.com/'>order viagra</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://viagrabuygenzx.com/&quot;&gt;buy cheap viagra&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    soft viagra tabs</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c324' id='c324' name='c324'>#249</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>VomirTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 25 2017 15:11:08</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
viagra vs levitra <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://viagrabuygenzx.com/' target='_blank' title='http://viagrabuygenzx.com/'>viagra</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://viagrabuygenzx.com/&quot;&gt;order viagra&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    viagra canada supreme court</div>
<div class='tbl2'>
<a href='/articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=240#c325' id='c325' name='c325'>#250</a> |
<span class='comment-name'>GoloaTib</span>
<span class='small'>dnia wrzesień 25 2017 18:39:10</span>
</div>
<div class='tbl1 comment_message'><!--comment_message-->
$38 cialis trial <br />
 <br />
      <a href='http://canadianfdcialis.com/' target='_blank' title='http://canadianfdcialis.com/'>generic cialis</a> <br />
 <br />
    &lt;a href=&quot;http://canadianfdcialis.com/&quot;&gt;generic cialis&lt;/a&gt; <br />
 <br />
    cialis super active m</div>
<div style='text-align:center;margin-bottom:5px;'><div class='pagenav'>
Strona  25 z&nbsp;3202: <a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=0'>1</a>...<a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=210'>22</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=220'>23</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=230'>24</a><span><strong>25</strong></span><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=250'>26</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=260'>27</a><a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=270'>28</a>...<a href='articles.php?article_id=23&amp;c_start=32010'>3202</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr></table>
<table width='100%' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='1' class='border'>
<tr>
<td class='capmain'>Dodaj komentarz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='main-body'>
<a id='edit_comment' name='edit_comment'></a>
<form name='inputform' method='post' action='articles.php?article_id=23'>
<div align='center' class='tbl'>
Nick:<br />
<input type='text' name='comment_name' maxlength='30' class='textbox' style='width:360px' />
</div>
<div align='center' class='tbl'>
<textarea name='comment_message' cols='70' rows='6' class='textbox' style='width:360px'></textarea><br />
<div style='width:360px'>
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/smiley.png' class='bbcode' onclick="return overlay(this, 'bbcode_smileys_list_comment_message', 'bottomleft');"   title='Wstawia uśmieszka' />
<div id='bbcode_smileys_list_comment_message' class='tbl1 bbcode-popup' style='display:none;border:1px solid black;position:absolute;overflow:auto;width:400px;height:auto;' onclick="overlayclose('bbcode_smileys_list_comment_message');">
<img src='images/smiley/smile.gif' alt='Smile' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':)', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/wink.gif' alt='Wink' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ';)', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/sad.gif' alt='Sad' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':(', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/frown.gif' alt='Frown' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':|', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/shock.gif' alt='Shock' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':o', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/pfft.gif' alt='Pfft' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':P', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/cool.gif' alt='Cool' onclick="insertText('comment_message', 'B)', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/grin.gif' alt='Grin' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':D', 'inputform');" />
<img src='images/smiley/angry.gif' alt='Angry' onclick="insertText('comment_message', ':@', 'inputform');" />
</div>
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/b.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[b]','[/b]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wytłuszcza zaznaczony tekst' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/i.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[i]','[/i]','inputform');return false;"   title='Pochyla zaznaczony tekst' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/u.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[u]','[/u]','inputform');return false;"   title='Podkreśla zaznaczony tekst' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/url.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[url]','[/url]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wstawia klikalny link' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/mail.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[mail]','[/mail]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wstawia klikalny adres e-mail' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/img.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[img]','[/img]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla obrazek z&nbsp;podanego adresu' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/center.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[center]','[/center]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyśrodkowuje zaznaczony tekst' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/small.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[small]','[/small]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla zaznaczony tekst pomniejszonym stylem' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/code.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[code]','[/code]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla zaznaczony tekst jako kod źródłowy' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/quote.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[quote]','[/quote]','inputform');return false;"   title='Cytuje zaznaczony tekst' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/flash.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[flash width=200 height=50]','[/flash]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla animację Flash z&nbsp;podanego adresu' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/gg.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[gg]','[/gg]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla status użytkownika Gadu-Gadu - polskiego komunikatora internetowego' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/google.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[google]','[/google]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyszukuje tekst w&nbsp;wyszukiwarce Google' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/youtube.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[youtube]','[/youtube]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla film z&nbsp;YouTube' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/allegro.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[allegro]','[/allegro]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyszukuje przedmioty na Allegro - polskim serwisie aukcyjnym' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/bcolor.png' class='bbcode' onclick="return overlay(this, 'bbcode_bcolor_map_comment_message', 'rightbottom');"   title='Zmienia kolor tła zaznaczonego tekstu' />
<div id='bbcode_bcolor_map_comment_message' class='tbl1 bbcode-popup' style='display:none;border:1px solid black;position:absolute;width:220px;height:160px' onclick="overlayclose('bbcode_bcolor_map_comment_message');">
<script type='text/javascript' src='includes/bbcodes/bcolor_bbcode_include_js.js'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
<!--
BColorMap('comment_message', 'inputform');
-->
</script>
</div>
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/googlevideo.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[googlevideo]','[/googlevideo]','inputform');return false;"   title='Wyświetla film z&nbsp;Google Video' />
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/movie.png' class='bbcode' onclick="return overlay(this, 'bbcode_movie_comment_message', 'rightbottom');"   title='Wyświetla film z&nbsp;YouTube lub Google Video' />
<div id='bbcode_movie_comment_message' class='tbl1 bbcode-popup' style='display: none; border:1px solid black; position: absolute; width: auto; height: auto; text-align: center' onclick="overlayclose('bbcode_movie_comment_message');">
<input type='button' value='YouTube Video' class='button' style='width:100px' onclick="addText('comment_message', '[movie=youtube]', '[/movie]', 'inputform');return false;" /><br /><input type='button' value='Google Video' class='button' style='width:100px' onclick="addText('comment_message', '[movie=google]', '[/movie]', 'inputform');return false;" />
</div>
<input type='image' src='includes/bbcodes/images/mp3.png' class='bbcode' onclick="addText('comment_message','[mp3]','[/mp3]','inputform');return false;"   title='Odtwarza plik MP3 z&nbsp;podanego adresu' />
</div>
<div style='width:360px; margin:10px auto;'>Kod potwierdzający:<br />
<div style='width:330px; margin:0 auto;'><img id='captcha' src='includes/captchas/securimage2/securimage_show.php?signature=https://www.fuhkama.ugu.pl/' alt='Kod potwierdzający' align='left' />
<object type='application/x-shockwave-flash' data='includes/captchas/securimage2/securimage_play.swf?audio=includes/captchas/securimage2/securimage_play.php&amp;bgColor1=#fff&amp;bgColor2=#fff&amp;iconColor=#777&amp;borderWidth=1&amp;borderColor=#000' height='23' width='23'><param name='movie' value='includes/captchas/securimage2/securimage_play.swf?audio=includes/captchas/securimage2/securimage_play.php&amp;bgColor1=#fff&amp;bgColor2=#fff&amp;iconColor=#777&amp;borderWidth=1&amp;borderColor=#000' />
</object><br /><a href='#' onclick="document.getElementById('captcha').src = 'includes/captchas/securimage2/securimage_show.php?sid=' + Math.random(); return false"><img src='includes/captchas/securimage2/images/refresh.gif' alt='' align='bottom' class='tbl-border' /></a>
</div>
<br />
<label for='captcha_code'>Wpisz kod potwierdzający:</label><br />
<input type='text' id='captcha_code' name='captcha_code' class='textbox' autocomplete='off' style='width:100px' />
</div>
<input type='submit' name='post_comment' value='Dodaj komentarz' class='button' /></div>
</form>
</td></tr></table>
<table width='100%' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='1' class='border'>
<tr>
<td class='capmain'>Oceny</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='main-body'>
<div style='text-align:center'>Tylko zarejestrowani użytkownicy mogą oceniać zawartość strony<br /><a href='login.php'>Zaloguj się</a>  lub <a href='register.php'>zarejestruj</a>, żeby móc zagłosować.</div>
<hr /><div style='text-align:center'>Brak ocen. Może czas dodać swoją?</div>
</td></tr></table>
<table width='100%' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='1' class='border'>
<tr>
<td class='capmain'>Przetłumacz stronę</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class='side-body'>
<center><a href='http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://www.fuhkama.ugu.pl/&langpair=pl|en' class='side' title='UK'><img src='infusions/translate_panel/images/uk-flag.gif' alt='' border='0'></a> <a href='http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://www.fuhkama.ugu.pl/&langpair=pl|de' class='side' title='DE'><img src='infusions/translate_panel/images/gm-flag.gif' alt='' border='0'></a> <a href='http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://www.fuhkama.ugu.pl/&langpair=pl|fr' class='side' title='FR'><img src='infusions/translate_panel/images/fr-flag.gif' alt='' border='0'></a><br>
<a href='javascript:history.back()' title='Powrót'><img src='infusions/translate_panel/images/back.png' alt='' border='0'></a></center></td></tr></table><br/>
</td></tr>
</table>
<table cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0' width='950' align='center'>
<tr>
<td align='center' class='footer'><center>Copyright & Decoder; 2009</center></td></tr></table>
<table cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0' width='950' align='center'><tr><td align='center' class='footer2'><!--counter-->44,967,983 unikalne wizyty<br/>Electro-Info <a target='_blank' href='http://www.electro-info.ugu.pl'>Niebieska</a><br/>E-I <a target='_blank' href='http://www.electro-info.ugu.pl'>Electro-Info</a><br/>Powered by <a href='http://www.php-fusion.co.uk'>PHP-Fusion</a> copyright &copy; 2002 - 2025 by Nick Jones.<br />
Released as free software without warranties under <a href='http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/agpl-3.0.html'>GNU Affero GPL</a> v3.
</td></tr></table>
</body>
</html>